The National Tile Museum (Museu Nacional do Azulejo)

The museum's collection includes a wide variety of azulejos dating back several centuries. One of the highlights is a panel of tiles that depicts a panoramic view of Lisbon before the devastating earthquake of 1755. These intricately crafted tiles provide a glimpse into the city's past and serve as a testament to the skill and artistry of Portuguese tilemakers.

The history of the National Tile Museum can be traced back to its origins as an annex of the National Museum of Ancient Art. Over the years, the buildings of the Convent of Madre de Deus underwent numerous repairs and alterations. During this time, tiles from various locations were brought to the convent and stored in crates, initially intended for interior decoration but eventually remaining in storage.

In 1954, it was decided that the Convent and Church of Madre de Deus should be considered annexes of the National Museum of Ancient Art, with the purpose of preserving these historic monuments. A significant restoration project took place in the late 1950s, funded by the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation, to prepare for an exhibition commemorating the 500th anniversary of Queen D. Leonor's birth. After the exhibition concluded in 1958, the buildings were handed over to the National Museum of Ancient Art, and the idea of establishing a Tile Museum in the space began to take shape.

The transfer and organization of the tiles in the Convent of Madre de Deus were carried out by engineer João Miguel dos Santos Simões, an expert in tilework and a member of the National Academy of Fine Arts. In 1965, the Director-General of Higher Education and Fine Arts considered the possibility of opening the museum to the public and initiated the necessary preparations for its inauguration.

The museum officially opened its doors to the public, albeit with ongoing minor repairs and finishing touches, in December 1967. Over the years, additional efforts were made to enhance and improve the museum's displays and facilities. In 1973, Rafael Salinas Calado was invited to join the National Museum of Ancient Art as the curator of the Ceramic Section, located in the Convent of Madre de Deus.

In 1980, the National Tile Museum gained autonomy and became a separate national institution, no longer functioning as an annex of the National Museum of Ancient Art. This change allowed the museum to focus exclusively on the preservation, study, and exhibition of Portuguese tilework, solidifying its status as a significant cultural institution in the country.

The building itself holds great historical and architectural value. Originally established by Queen D. Leonor, the Convent of Madre de Deus consisted of a small group of Franciscan nuns and gradually expanded over time. The architectural features of the convent reflect both classical and Baroque influences, with a square-shaped main chapel covered by a dome and a single-nave church. The cloister, constructed during the reign of King D. João III, showcases classical design elements and features stone balconies and chapels.

Throughout the centuries, various restoration campaigns were undertaken to maintain and beautify the convent and its church. Prominent artists and craftsmen of the time contributed to the decorative elements, including painted ceilings, gilded altarpieces, and the installation of Dutch tile panels. These additions, combined with the architectural grandeur of the building, create a captivating atmosphere that complements the museum's collection of azulejos.

The National Tile Museum continues to play a vital role in preserving and promoting the art of azulejos. Its collection has expanded over the years through acquisitions, donations, and loans, showcasing the evolution of tilework in Portugal from the 15th century to the present day. The museum's exhibits not only highlight the technical and artistic aspects of azulejos but also explore their cultural and historical significance.

Visitors to the museum can explore a wide range of themes depicted on the tiles, including religious and mythological scenes, landscapes, portraits, and decorative patterns. The collection also features tiles from various regions of Portugal, showcasing the distinct styles and techniques employed by different tilemakers.

In addition to the permanent collection, the museum hosts temporary exhibitions, educational programs, and cultural events related to Portuguese tilework. These initiatives contribute to a deeper understanding and appreciation of the art form while engaging visitors of all ages.

The National Tile Museum also actively collaborates with other institutions and participates in international exchanges to promote the cultural heritage of azulejos beyond Portugal's borders. Its expertise in tilework conservation and restoration has made it a reference point for scholars, researchers, and professionals in the field.

For those interested in learning more about the art of azulejos, the museum offers workshops and guided tours, providing a hands-on experience and an opportunity to delve into the techniques used in tile production. Visitors can witness the intricate craftsmanship firsthand and gain insight into the meticulous process of creating these works of art.

The National Tile Museum stands as a testament to Portugal's rich artistic tradition and cultural heritage. Its dedication to preserving and showcasing azulejos has solidified its position as a leading institution in the study and appreciation of this unique art form. Whether you are an art enthusiast, history buff, or simply curious about Portuguese culture, a visit to the National Tile Museum is sure to be a fascinating and enriching experience.